George D. Becker, James S. Bolton
We present new measurements of the intensity of the ionizing ultraviolet background and the global emissivity of ionizing photons over 2 < z < 5. Our results are based on updated measurements of physical properties of the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM), including gas temperatures and the opacity of the IGM to Ly-alpha and ionizing photons. The results are then used to investigate trends in the ionizing efficiency of galaxies in the post-reionization epoch. Consistent with previous works, we find a relatively flat hydrogen photoionization rate over 2 < z < 5, although our measurements are roughly a factor of two higher than the 2008 values of Faucher-Giguere et al., due primarily to our lower IGM temperatures. The ionizing emissivity we derive is also generally higher than other recent estimates due to lower temperatures, higher ionizing opacity, and an accounting of cosmological radiative transfer effects. We find evidence that the emissivity increases from z~3 to 5, reaching ~5 ionizing photons/atom/Gyr at z=4.75 for realistic galaxy spectra. We further find that galaxies must dominate the emissivity near 1 Ryd at z > 4, and possibly at all redshifts z > 2.4. Our results suggest that the average ionizing "efficiency" of star-forming galaxies increases substantially with redshift over 3.2 < z < 4.75. This is consistent with the conclusion often drawn from reionization models that the ionizing efficiency of galaxies must be higher during reionization than at lower redshifts in order for galaxies to reionize the IGM by z=6. Our emissivity values at z~5 suggest that ionizing photons may have been a factor of two more abundant during the final stages of reionization than previously indicated. The evolution of the emissivity suggests, moreover, that the steep decline in the photoionization rate from z~5 to 6 may indicate a rapid evolution in the mean free path. [Abridged]
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.2259
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